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School Design and/or Posture Issues
School Furniture Design and Behaviour
Educational Environments and Information Technology
Safety Issues for Children and Children's Products
General Ergonomics and Children Issues
Research
This page provides a forum for sharing of both published and unpublished completed research and projects currently in progress. If you have papers, abstracts or project descriptions that you would like to contribute to this site, please forward the information to the Web Editor.To see an overview of the research and applied papers that are available or referenced on this site, please view the Summary Table (opens in a new window).
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| Anthropometrics | |
| Title: | An anthropometric and postural risk assessment of children's school computer work environments (1998) |
| Author(s): | Oates, S., Evans, G. and Hedge, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information: (1998) Computers in the Schools 14, 55-63 | |
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| Title: | Sex differences in anthropometry for school furniture design (1990) |
| Author(s): | Jeong, B.Y. and Park, K.S. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: This paper is concerned with anthropometric dimensions of young Koreans and their interrelationships for school furniture design. Ten anthropometric measurments were taken from 1248 subjects, age range 6-17. The study investigated sex differences in interrelationships between body dimensions, to provide suitable sizes of chair and desk for boys and girls. The results showed that stature had a high relationship to body dimensions for school furniture design, and that there were significant sex differences in relationships between stature and the body dimensions. In particular, boys above 126 cm in stature required higher desk and chair heights than girls of the same stature. On the other hand, girls above 120 cm in stature required a larger depth and breadth of chair than boys of the same stature | |
| Publication Information:(1990) Ergonomics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp 1511-1521 | |
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| Title: | Anthropometric and physiological considerations in school, office, and factory seating(1969) |
| Author(s): | Floyd, W.F., and Word, J.S. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1969) Ergonomics, 12, pp 132-139 | |
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| Title: | Anthropometric data for educational chairs(1969) |
| Author(s): | Oxford, H.W. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1969) Ergonomics, 12, pp 140-161 | |
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| Computer and Interactive Media Use | |
| Title: |
CAKE (Computers and Kids' Ergonomics): The Musculoskeletal Impact of Computer and Electronic Game Use on Children and Adolescents (2006) |
| Author(s): | Gillespie, Robin Mary Advisor: Manny Halpern |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 562kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Robin Mary Gillespie |
| Abstract/ Description:
Computer
and electronic game use were proposed as contributors to neck or upper extremity
(NUE) symptoms of pain or discomfort occurring in adolescents. A cross-sectional
survey distributed in general education classrooms in a northeastern US city
produced 476 analyzable surveys, representing 75% of solicited subjects and 10%
of the entire school population age 12-18. Subjects reported frequency, average
daily duration and typical longest period of computers at school, computers at
home, TV-based games, and hand-held games, as well as symptoms occurring in the
past month and symptoms frequency and intensity ratings. In unconditional logistic regression analyses adjusted for gender, age and race, frequent home computer users (daily or almost daily) were at increased odds of reporting NUE symptoms compared to less frequent users (OR=1.7, p=0.008). Those who used the computer at home for longer without a break also had higher odds of NUE symptoms, but those reporting higher average daily use time did not. School computer use and electronic game use were not associated with increased NUE symptoms. The effect of daily home computer use on NUE symptoms was seen primarily in high school students. However, age itself did not predict NUE symptoms. Age, race and gender did not affect the relationship between computer use and symptoms. However, girls were more likely to report NUE symptoms than boys (OR=1.9, p=0.005). Being overweight and wearing glasses or contact lenses were also associated with symptoms. As computer use patterns and weight are modifiable characteristics, they suggest targets for reducing the negative effect of computer use in this population. Additional research and interventions involving the roles of physical activity, equipment design, psychosocial demands and physical development are recommended. |
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| Publication Information: Ph.D. Dissertation | |
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| Title: |
The Research and Design of More Legible and Readable Key Legends for school children while operating Chinese computer keyboard (2003) |
| Author(s): | Chen, J-C. and Lai, H-H. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 115kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Hsin-Hsi Lai |
| Abstract/ Description: For school children users, mostly less skilled in keying or unfamiliar with the keyboard, most key legends are important since a major proportion of the time is spent looking at the keyboard. The key legends need therefore to be as explicit and easy to understand as possible. In the initial experiment, we sampled twenty-one school children users to simulate the situation of computer keyboard operation. All subjects were requested to view the different designed key legends on the key-tops. We tried to find out the best Chinese character attributes including the style, shape, stroke width, size, and the location relationship on the computer key-tops. In the following experiments, we then adopted the well-known Chong-Je Keying words and tried the illegible Chinese keying words for the reference of related product designers. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: |
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN CHILDREN USING COMPUTER GAMES (2003) |
| Author(s): | Horie, Y. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 223kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Yoshinori Horie |
| Abstract/ Description: Nowadays, computer games account for a large proportion of the playtime activity undertaken by children. If children play these games in inappropriate environments, mental and physical problems might results from the resulting visual stimulation. Experimental parameters were measured in two children at beginning and end of game sessions. Measurement items comprised critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), blood pressure, visual acuity, subjective physical symptoms, degree of exhaustion, heart rate, and analysis of movement using video tape recorder. Blood pressure and CFF demonstrated small changes between the beginning and end of the experiment. However, the other measurement items displayed differences depending on the frequency of playing computer games and on experiences during the games. Mental stress was observed if computer games were played for more than one hour or if player did not possess the requisite skills to play successfully. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: |
DELIVERING THE POWER OF COMPUTERS TO CHILDREN, WITHOUT HARMING THEIR HEALTH (2003) |
| Author(s): | Straker, L. and Pollock, C. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 100kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description: The increased interaction with information and communication technologies (ICTs) has created a major change in the lives of children in industrially advanced countries. This change offers potential opportunities and threats to the cognitive, social, physical and visual development of children. These impacts are reviewed to emphasise the importance of optimising the interaction between children and ICTs. The change in children’s use of technology also poses opportunities and threats for ergonomics that we should note if our profession is to continue being relevant and useful into this century. A pathway to the development and implementation of guidelines about child ICT use for different groups of guideline users is presented. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: |
ITKIDS: READING FROM COMPUTERS CREATES DIFFERENT BIOMECHANICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESSES FOR CHILDREN? (2003) |
| Author(s): | Straker, L., Briggs, A. and Greig, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 82kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description: There has been increasing concern in scientific and general public communities about the possible risk of musculoskeletal disorders in children associated with the increasing use of computers. The posture children assume when using a computer is thought to be a major risk factor, yet has only previously been measured by approximate observation techniques. The aim of this study was to describe in detail the head and neck posture and muscle activity of children using computers, compared to using older information technology. The sitting posture and muscle activity of 32 children aged 4-17 years was examined whilst they read from a desktop computer, a laptop computer and a book. There were significant differences in head and neck posture, with increasing flexion from desktop to laptop to book conditions. There were also significant differences in upper trapezius and cervical erector spine activity levels with greater activity in the laptop condition than in desktop or book conditions. Reading from a computer causes different postural and muscle activity responses compared to reading from a book. Whether these responses create a greater risk can only be determined with a more detailed understanding of the tissue stresses around the cervical spine. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: |
POTENTIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS FACED BY AN ASIAN YOUTH POPULATION WITH INCREASING TRENDS FOR COMPUTER USE (2003) |
| Author(s): | Szeto, G.P.Y. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 158kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Grace Szeto |
| Abstract/ Description: Computers have become a very powerful tool in our everyday lives, and is becoming a very important educational medium. This paper discusses the computer use patterns of secondary school students in Hong Kong and compare these to the figures reported in western countries. Results of two questionnaire surveys showed the growing trends of daily computer use by students, and there are also high prevalence rates of musculoskeletal discomforts related to computer use. The issues of computer use at school and at home are discussed, especially in relation to the problem of space and resources. These problems are reflected in the lack of ergonomic considerations in the design and layout of computer workstations both at schools and at home. These issues need to be addressed urgently as they may have profound implications on the children’s health. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: | A Healthy Approach to Classroom Computers: Preventing a Generation of Students From Developing Repetitive Strain Injuries (2002) |
| Author(s): | Bradley Royster, L. for the North Carolina Law Review |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 304kb, opens in new window) posted with permission of the North Carolina Law Review |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Laura Bradley Royster |
| Abstract/ Description:The widespread use of the computer, for all its benefits, has one major drawback: repetitive strain injuries (RSIs).2 These injuries, which cause pain and nerve damage to the body’s upper limbs, result from repeated stresses (such as typing) that are unable to heal properly before re-aggravation occurs.3 New research indicates that children’s computer usage at school exposes them to risk for these debilitating injuries.4 This phenomenon could result in the impairment of a generation of workers before they even enter the workplace if left untreated. This Comment explores potential ways to minimize children’s risks for RSIs, both proactively and retroactively, and analyzes the best means of implementing a solution. This Comment concludes that the preferred solution is a proactive one that incorporates federal guidance and funding but remains flexible enough to allow each state to tailor the solution to meet its unique needs. | |
| Publication Information:(2002) Volume 80, pp 275-314, North Carolina Law Review | |
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| Title: | Ergonomics for Grade School Students Using Laptop Computers (2002) |
| Author(s): | Fraser, M. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes, View Paper (pdf, 251 kb, opens in a new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Margo Fraser |
| Abstract/ Description: This paper describes an ergonomics education program for grade 6 and 7 students at a private school in southern Alberta. The students use laptop computers within most of their classes and the education program provides information on repetitive strain and back disorders, set-up of their computer work area, and taking breaks. Types of carrying cases and methods to reduce the loads carried are also discussed. During the education session, students complete a discomfort survey using a scale from 0 to 10 to rank the discomfort they feel in various regions of the body while performing computer work. A higher frequency of discomfort of moderate to high intensity was found for both grades in the neck, upper back and lower back as well as eyes and headaches, as compared to the upper extremities (shoulders, elbows, forearms, wrists and hand/fingers). | |
| Publication Information: (2002) Proceedings of the XVI International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 10-12, 2002 (CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | Legislating Computer Use in the Classroom: Is it Possible? (2002) |
| Author(s): | Hainsworth, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 116kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Anne Hainsworth |
| Abstract/ Description: Various authorities have predicted increased incidence of Repetitive Strain Injuries among children and teenagers due to improper use of computers. Given the fact that these injuries tend to be disabling and lifelong, this is a truly chilling prospect which does not seem to be on the radar screens of parents, schools and the manufacturers of this equipment. Attempts to get school districts to voluntarily institute corrective measures have met with very limited interest and often outright denial. Currently there is a bill before the New Jersey Assembly to require a statewide study of this issue. This bill would establish a Commission composed of educators, medical professionals and ergonomic authorities to examine the "need, viability and cost" of promoting safe computer practices in the classroom. In a state currently facing a six billion-dollar budget deficit, any new expenditure faces a steep uphill battle. The speaker will discuss the current status of the bill and strategies to promote its passage. The speaker will also address alternative options should prevention be discounted. Specifically, the example of the asbestos industry and its’ experience with disabled workers will be discussed. | |
| Publication Information: (2002) Proceedings of the XVI International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 10-12, 2002 (CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | Middle School Children and Their Use of Interactive Media (2002) |
| Author(s): | Jacobs, K. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 153kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Karen Jacobs |
| Abstract/ Description: We live in an age of interactive media. In recent years, there has been an increasing concern over the association between interactive media, such as computers and video games and reports of aches and pains in users. It is suggested that the physical setup and individual styles of using interactive media has an influence over this discomfort. As children grow up, they will interact and use interactive media throughout most of their life. Healthy interactive media techniques may be vital to preventing/reducing the incidence of discomfort/pain associated with interactive media. This research paper will describe a study, which has collected health and comfort data on the incidence and prevalence of computer-related musculoskeletal discomfort/pain among 6th and 7th grade students in three middle schools in New England. General base line data from the first year of this three-year study, where students will be tracked for any reports of musculoskeletal discomfort/pain, will be reported. | |
| Publication Information: (2002) Proceedings of the XVI International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Toronto, Canada, June 10-12, 2002 (CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | Are children at more risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders from working with computers or with paper? (2001) |
| Author(s): | Straker, L. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 145kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Dr. Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description:Adult computer users are recognized as being at risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Despite children in modern societies being increasingly exposed to computer use, little has been published on the possible musculoskeletal risks for children. This paper reviews recently available evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. The early indications are that computer use creates different physical stresses on children than paper use. Whether these stresses are worse is still unclear. | |
| Publication Information:(2001) Proceedings of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety XV Annual Conference, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. | |
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| Title: | Physical and psychosocial aspects of the learning environment in information technology rich classrooms (2001) |
| Author(s): | Zandvliet, D.B. and Straker, L.M. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper(pdf, 184kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Dr. Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description:This paper reports on a study of environments in emerging Internet classrooms. At issue for this study is to what extent these 'technological classrooms' are providing a positive learning environment for students. To investigate this issue, this study involved an evaluation of the physical and psychosocial environments in computerised school settings through a combination of questionnaires and inventories which were later cross-referenced to case studies on a subset of these classrooms. Data were obtained from a series of physical evaluations of 43 settings in 24 school locations in British Columbia, Canada and Western Australia. Evaluations consisted of detailed inventories of the physical environment using the Computerised Classroom Environment Inventory (CCEI): an instrument developed specially for this study. Data on psychosocial aspects of the environment were obtained with the What is Happening in this Classroom (WIHIC) questionnaire administered to 1404 high school students making routine use of these computerised classrooms. Potential deficiencies in the physical environment of these locations included problems with individual workspaces, lighting and air quality. Whereas deficiencies in the psychosocial environment were confined to the dimension of Autonomy. Further analysis of these classroom environment data indicated that student Autonomy and Task Orientation were independently associated with students' Satisfaction with learning and that many physical (eg. lighting and workspace dimensions) and psychosocial factors (eg. students' perceptions of Cooperation and Collaboration) were also associated. The results provide a descriptive account of the learning environment in ‘technology-rich’ classrooms and further, indicate that ergonomic guidelines used in the implementation of IT in classrooms may have a positive influence on the learning environment. | |
| Publication Information:(2001) (in press) Physical and psychosocial aspects of the learning environment in information technology rich classrooms. Ergonomics. | |
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| The following presentations were given at the Children & Information Technology Symposium, June 11-12, 2001, John Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health | |
| Dr. Alan Hedge: Ergonomics Programs for Schools: Challenges and Opportunities pdf, 916 kb | |
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Dr. Leon Straker: The Physical Impact of IT use on The Physical Impact of IT use on Children pdf, 171 kb |
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Other presentations (copies not available): Nancy L. Atkinson, Ph.D. Public Health Informatics Research Lab University of Maryland, College Park "Making Sure Technology Works for Kids: The Role of Research" Carl P. Gabbard, Ph.D. Department of Health and Kinesiology Texas A & M University "Computers & Children's Physical Fitness: A Reason for Concern?" Jeffrey N. Katz, M.D., M.S. Harvard Medical School "Computer associated upper extremity symptoms and disability in college students: prevalence, risk factors, impact and strategies for prevention." Susumu Saito, Ph.D. National Institute of Industrial Health, Japan "Ergonomic aspects of introduction of Information Technology into schools in Japan" James Sheedy, O.D., Ph.D. University of California at Berkeley "Vision Issues: Children in a High Tech World" Ellen Wartella, Ph.D. Dean, College of Communications University of Texas, Austin "Growing up with Interactive Media: What we know and what we don't about the impact of new media on children" Inger M. Williams, Ph.D. CergoS "Is Computer Ergonomics for Elementary and Middle School Students Important?" |
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| Title: | Survey of physical ergonomics issues associated with school childrens’ use of laptop computers. (2000) |
| Author(s): | Harris, C. and Straker, L. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 150kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Dr. Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description:The survey investigated the use of laptop computers by children aged 10 to 17 years at schools in Western Australia. Data collected included general participant information (eg. age, height); locations and postures adopted for laptop use; time on task and consequences of both using and carrying laptops. 251 participants used the internet to complete the survey and 63 completed written surveys. Twenty participants were interviewed and observed using their laptops in various locations. The mean times for minimum and maximum periods of laptop use at one sitting ranged from 11.5 - 101.9 minutes. Mean daily use (3.2 hours) and weekly use (16.9 hours) was also shown to be high. Postures used by laptop users varied according to location, eg. home, school and boarding house. Reported consequences of laptop use included technical faults, service and location limitations, hardware and software limitations, user limitations and physical consequences to the user. 85% of students reported discomfort with laptop use and 61% of participants reported discomfort with carrying their laptop. Associations between school attended or year level with time on task and discomfort reports were evident. | |
| Publication Information:(2000) Survey of physical ergonomics issues associated with school children's use of laptop computers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26: 337 - 347. | |
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| Title: | Scarring a generation of school children through poor introduction of information technology in schools (2000) |
| Author(s): | Straker, L., Harris, C., Zandvliet, D. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 202kb, opens in new window) Reprinted with permission from "Proceedings of the Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society 44th Annual meeting, 2000." Copyright 2000 by the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
View presentation slides (pdf, 203kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Dr. Leon Straker |
| Abstract/ Description:Educational authorities worldwide are rapidly increasing the exposure of school children to computers. However what limited evidence is available suggests information technology is not being introduced appropriately for children and undesirable sequelae are anticipated. This paper reports on two studies on computers and children. One study investigated 24 schools in Canada and Australia and included assessments of physical environments and psychosocial environments in IT rich classrooms. A questionnaire was also completed by 1404 students. The findings included that physical aspects of computer workstations were rated poorest. The other study investigated 3 schools in Australia with mandatory laptop programs. A main finding was that 85% of the 314 students questioned reported discomfort using their computer. The potential implications of poor management of IT use by school children are discussed and suggestions made for ergonomics research. Without accurate and valid guildelines - and effective implementation of these guidelines - scarring or a whole generation of school children is predicted. | |
| Publication Information:(2000) In: Proceedings of the International Ergonomics Association Congress 2000. San Diego: International Ergonomics Association, pp. 300-304. | |
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| The following presentations were made during the Children, Computers and Classrooms symposium at the International Ergonomics Association XIVth Triennial Congress and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 44th Annual meeting "Ergonomics for the new millennium", July 29 - August 4th, 2000, San Diego, California, USA. | |
| Cheryl Bennett: Children, Computers and Classrooms pdf, 83 kb | |
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Dr. Alan Hedge et al.: Ergonomic Issues for Classroom Computing pdf, 233 kb |
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Dr. Susumu Saito, et al.: Research Activities onthe Ergonomics of Computers in Schools in Japan pdf, 2299 kb |
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Dr. Leon Straker, et al.: Scarring a generation of school children through poor introduction of information technology in schools pdf, 203 kb |
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Dr. Inger Williams: Computer Ergonomics for Teachers and Students pdf, 219 kb |
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Copies of the conference proceedings can be ordered from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, Ca. 90406-1369, USA (email: hfes@compuserve.com |
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| Title: | A computer in every classroom-are school children at risk for repetitive stress injuries (RSIs)? (1999) |
| Author(s): | Royster, L. and Yearout, R. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1999) In: G. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. IOS Press, The Netherlands, 1999, pp. 407-412. | |
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| Title: | Information technology in the New Zealand curriculum and occupational overuse syndrome(1998) |
| Author(s): | Grant, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View paper (pdf 136.8 Kb) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: Since 1989 the number of computers available in primary and secondary schools has increased dramatically. While access to computers as a learning tool is to be encouraged, I have found that many teachers know little about the importance and benefits of ergonomic furniture in their classrooms. It is my belief that schools are keen to purchase the technology required to keep up-to-date to improve the delivery of education and enhance student achievement, but as a general rule they do not consider the implications of providing unsuitable work-stations for that technology, especially for computers. It is also my belief that as a result of schools not having a policy directive from the Ministry of Education, students are exposed to the threat of Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS), which, later in life, can have dire consequences on their health and work. I look at the problem in this article. | |
| Publication Information:(1998) Computers in New Zealand Schools, Vol 10, No. 2, pp. 37-41 | |
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| Title: | Ergonomics in Schools: Some Issues(1998) |
| Author(s): | McMillan, N. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1998) paper prepared for New Zealand Accident Rehabilitation, Compensation and Insurance Corporation, Wellington | |
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| Title: | Computers in schools - an international project under planning(1997) |
| Author(s): | Bergvist, U., Sotoyama, M. Saito, S and Piccolic, B. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 12kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Ulf Bergqvist |
| Abstract/ Description:During the nineteen eighties, computers were introduced at a high pace in many of-fices. This technical development - both as to hardware and software - was so quick that sometimes efforts to adjust computers and the general environment to each other - e.g. concerning ergonomics and ligh-ting systems, was not always performed. Partly as a result of this, problems for individuals in terms of adverse health reactions occurred, which presumably also led to inefficiency in the utilisation of this new technology. Now, computers are introduced in schools at a similar high pace, a development which will affect even larger groups of individuals. Research and developmental activities are in progress or preparation in various countries in order to obtain a better knowledge about computers in schools and their consequences, and also about methods to improve work situations and the effectiveness of computers in schools. In order to plan such research and developmental activities, we do, however need some basic knowledge about how computers are used in todays schools. We are also interested in to what degree ergonomic considerations are taken when planning computer work and work stations. | |
| Publication Information:(1997) In: Work With Display Units '97, Tokyo | |
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| Title: | Aspects on the Swedish provisions on work with VDUs in telework and at school (1997) |
| Author(s): | Jonsson, C. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 14kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Christina Jonsson |
| Abstract/ Description:The first Swedish provisions on work with visual display units came into force on the 1st of January 1986. The Ordinance was amended in 1992 on account of the implementation of the Council Directive of the European Economic Community on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment (90/270/EEC). The new ordinance Work with Visual Display Units (VDUs), AFS 1992: 14, came into force on the 1st of January 1993. The Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health is at present focusing two aspects regarding work with visual display units, telework and the use of visual display units at school. | |
| Publication Information:(1997) In: Work With Display Units '97, Tokyo | |
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| Title: | Computer operation by primary school children in Japan-- present condition and issues (1997) |
| Author(s): | Noro, K., Okamoto, T. and Kojima, M. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 26 kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Kageyu Noro |
| Abstract/ Description:Computer use in school education was encouraged by the new education teaching guideline which took effect in 1992 and introduction of personal computers into primary, middle and high schools throughout Japan has been promoted since then. Most personal computers used in schools are desktop types. Some schools, however use lap-top computers as well. We did a survey on the environment of computer operation for primary school children and found the following 2 points to be especially evident. * One unit of work station is shared by 2 or 3 children. * At a glance, the size of the work station is too big compared to the size of the children. | |
| Publication Information:(1997) In: Work With Display Units '97, Tokyo | |
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| Computers and Vision | |
| Title: |
A Case Report of Ophthalmologic Problems Associated with the Use of Information Technology among Young Students in Japan (2002) |
| Author(s): | Marumoto, T., Jonai, H., Villanueva, M.B.G., and Sotoyama, M. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 506 kb, opens in new window)with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Tatsuya Marumoto |
| Abstract/ Description: An earlier study looked into the role of posture of children while studying in the rising trend of eye problems (Marumoto T et. al., 1999). The results showed that children with impaired vision have shorter viewing distance and lower accommodative power compared to children with normal vision. Posture, however, is not the only factor that has been associated with the failing eyesight of children(Saitou S et. al., 1992). An understanding of the other probable causes of abnormalities in the eyesight of school children is important in the promotion of eye care (Sotoyama M et. al., 1995). This paper intends to describe the most common visual problems encountered among young patients in an ophthalmologic clinic. The proposed mechanisms for the deterioration of the children’s eyesight are also included in the paper. If viewed in the light of continuous use of information technology by children, the findings of this paper will have serious implications when integrating ergonomics in the school or even home settings. | |
| Publication Information:(2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea | |
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| Title: | Students' Musculoskeletal and Visual Concerns (2002) |
| Author(s): | Williams, I.M. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 191 kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Inger Williams |
| Abstract/ Description: Musculoskeletal and visual concerns among children and adolescents are common. The World Health Organization [1] found in their cross-national research study that backache, at least once a week, is reported by 30% of 11 year olds, 33% and 30% of 13 year old girls and boy’s respectively and 43% and 33% of 15 year old girls and boys respectively in the United States. Epidemiological studies conducted in the last 15 years, mostly in Europe, reveal that neck, shoulder and especially back pains are as common in children and adolescents as in adults [2-4]. The American Public Health Association [5] states that 25% of children between K-6th grades have vision problems many of which can be corrected if detected early enough. Recognizing not only the presence but also the intensity and frequency of these musculoskeletal and visual concerns and defining their risk factors could improve our understanding of the origin of musculoskeletal and visual concerns in adults [6, 7]. This insight could also help us develop better strategies to prevent risk factors from having an impact already at a young age [8-11]. | |
| Publication Information:(2002) Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference (on CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | Physician Perspectives on Children's Musculoskeletal and Vision Disorders in Geneva, Switzerland (2002) |
| Author(s): | Gierlach, P. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 151 kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Patricia Gierlach |
| Abstract/ Description: This survey of Geneva, and its surrounding areas’ medical professionals (Pediatricians, Orthopedic Surgeons, and Ophthalmologists) addressed four questions. First, in the past three years has a physician treated or referred any early stage discomfort; musculoskeletal or vision disorders in children/ adolescents caused by environmental and/or behavioral practices; age of children, amount of children within a certain age bracket, and what major problems were seen in that age bracket; 1a. what were the most common disorders seen by the physicians and; 1b. Physicians’ perspectives if the incidence of disorders is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. Second, what are the disorders’ major contributors? Third, what preventative measures do physicians advise to reduce musculoskeletal and vision disorders that are directly linked to environmental and/or behavioral causes. Fourth, what other problems relate to children that physicians feel are important or have seen an alarming increase of. Twenty-one thorough surveys were returned (a response rate of 27%). Physicians have treated and referred children with musculoskeletal and vision disorders as young as 10 years old and below, with the majority of children in all age brackets from 10 and under to 23 years of age being seen for back pain, the most common disorder seen by physicians. Out of eleven physicians, 2 physicians reported that the incidence is increasing, 8 physicians reported the incidence is staying the same, and 1 physician reported he/she did not recognize a trend. The major contributors to disorders included several factors with a repetitive theme around poor posture. Although several preventative measures were advised by the physicians, physical activity and improvement of posture were the major factors that are directly linked to reduce future disorders. The majority of problems related to young people that physicians have seen an alarming case of include less physical activity and an increase of sedentary and static activities (computer, videogames, and television) which increases risk for injury. | |
| Publication Information:(2002) Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference (on CD ROM) | |
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| School Design and/or Posture Issues | |
| Title: |
ADJUSTABLE TABLES AND CHAIRS CORRECT POSTURE AND LOWER MUSCLE TENSION AND PAIN IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS (2003) |
| Author(s): |
Hänninen, O. and Koskelo, R. |
| Copy of Paper Available: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 72 kb, opens in new window) with permission of the Ergonomics Society of Korea |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Osmo Hänninen |
| Abstract/ Description: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the traditional non-adjustable and new adjustable school tables and chairs on the sitting and standing postures, muscle tension and pain levels as well as the learning success during the three high school years when the growth of the students reaches the adult measures. In one school the students received tables and chairs which were adjustable and were personally adjusted for the students (8 girls, 7 boys) whereas in the control school the students (8 girls,7 boys) continued to use non-adjustable tables and chairs. When the students started to use their adjustable tables and chairs the muscle tension levels fell significantly in lumbar and trapezius muscles. In the students of the control school an increase was found during the follow-up. The headache and low back pain correlated with the neck-shoulder pain as well as trapezius muscle tension. The intervention corrected the posture much as expected, when the students were sitting in their new units. The standing stature was also corrected (kyphosis, scoliosis and lordosis). Positive responses were observed even when the growth had stopped. The intervention students reported that they experienced benefits from the adjustable tables and chairs. They got significantly better grades at the end of high school than the controls. The results support the necessity of ergonomic approach in furniture planning of school classes and individual adjustment possibility of tables and chairs. | |
| Publication Information: (2003) Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Aug 24-29, 2003, Seoul, Korea (CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | Juvenile Computer Seating Design Recommendations and Analogs (2002) |
| Author(s): | Herring, D. |
| Copy of Paper Available: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 425 kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Don Herring |
| Abstract/ Description: This children’s anthropometry and seating study, addresses the need to provide ergonomically designed and appropriately sized adjustable seating to interface with the computer workstation and accommodate physical growth. Elementary children were found in the computer laboratories of two Phoenix, Arizona school systems working at 30-inch high stationary workstation heights and seated on 14-inch high fixed chairs. Data was collected for two hundred children for seven seated measurements, stature, and weight. The resulting statistical data was compared to the findings of the 1977 Society of Automotive Engineers child anthropometry study. This Arizona study’s anthropometric data was used to analyze the adjustability ranges required for chairs in grades one through six for use with 30-inch high workstations. The ANSI/HFS 100 forearm angle and eye height models were overlaid on the seat height ranges to determine the best ergonomic fit for children using 30 - inch workstation heights. The findings were condensed into seating adjustability and size recommendations for the elementary computer user population. | |
| Publication Information: (2002) Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference (on CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | The effect of computer workstation design on student posture(1998) |
| Author(s): | Laeser, K., Maxwell, L., & Hedge, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1998) Journal of Research on Computing in Education, Vol 31, pp. 173-188 | |
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| Title: | A preliminary ergonomic and postural assessment of computer work settings in American elementary schools(1998) |
| Author(s): | Oates, S., Evans, G. and Hedge, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1998) Computers in the Schools 14:3/4 (1998) 55-63. | |
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| Title: | Changing standards for school furniture(1997) |
| Author(s): | Mandal, A.C. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1997) Ergonomics in Design, 5: 28-31. | |
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| Title: | The potential use and measurement of alternative work stations in UK schools(1996) |
| Author(s): | Taylour, J.A., and Crawford, J. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1996) in S.A. Robertson (ed), Contemporary Ergonomics (London: Taylor & Francis), 464-469 | |
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| Title: | A comparative study of three different kinds of school furniture(1995) |
| Author(s): | Aagaard-Hansen, J. and Storr-Paulsen, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1995) Ergonomics, 38, pp1025-1035 | |
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| Title: | Effect of workstation design on sitting posture in young children(1995) |
| Author(s): | Marschall, M., Harrington, A.C., and Steele, J.R. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: The purpose of this study was to compare muscular activity levels and sitting posture displayed by 10 children (mean age = 4.7 years) when performing tracing tasks while seated at a traditional work station (level desk top, 5 degrees backward sloping seat) and at an ergonomically designed work station (15 degrees sloping desk top, 15 degrees forward sloping seat). EMG progiles of latissimus dorsi (LD), erector spine (ES), and superior trapezius (ST) were sampled using Medi-trace disposable surface electrodes for 10 min on the non-dominant side. Muscle activity was sampled (1000Hz) every 2 min for 5000ms while the subjects performed the tracing tasks at each station. Raw EMG signals of the five trials for each muscle were processed by removing signal offset, full-wave rectification, and integration. The subjects' posture was monitored from a lateral view using a Panasonic VHS video camera while the children were seated at each work station. Neck flexion angle and the angle between the torso and thigh (hip angle) were manually sampled from the video images each 1 min as an indication of the posture adopted by the subjects during the tracing tasks. Use of t-tests for dependent muscle activity as a function of work station design. However, subjects demonstrated significantly less ld activity when seated at the ergonomic work station (mean=20.9 V ms) compared with the traditional work station (mean-24.4 V ms, t=-2.88, p=0.018). | |
| Publication Information:(1995) Ergonomics, 38(9): 1932-1940 | |
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| Title: | The working position of school children(1994) |
| Author(s): | Storr-Paulsen, A. and Aagaard-Hansen, J. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1994) Applied Ergonomics, 25, 63-64 | |
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| Title: | Evaluation of working position of school children(1993) |
| Author(s): | Mandal, A.C. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1993) Talkback Magasine, January, National Back Pain Association, UK | |
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| Title: | CEN/207/WGS/TG1 1993, European standards for chairs and tables for school furniture(1993) |
| Author(s): | CEN/TC 207/WG S/TG1 |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1993) Eighth working draft document of the 7th meeting of CEN/TC 207/WG S/TG1, 6.9.93, Copenhagen, Denmark | |
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| Title: | Is school furniture responsible for student seating discomfort? (1992) |
| Author(s): | Evans, O., Collins, B., and Stewart, A. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1992) In E. Hoffman and O. Evans (eds.), Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia 'Unlocking Potential for the Future Productivity and Quality of Lift', Melbourne (Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia), 31-37. | |
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| Title: | Why ergonomic designs and school? (1991) |
| Author(s): | Kayis, B. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1991) In V. Popovic and M. Walker (eds.), Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia 'Ergonomics and Human Environments', Coolum (Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia), 95-103 | |
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| Title: | School seating arrangements – An example of school based research in ergonomics(1990) |
| Author(s): | Oates, E. and Evans, O. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1990) In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Ergonomics Society of Australia 'Ergonomic Design Products for the Consumer', Adelaide (Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia) 277-282 | |
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| Title: | Postural fault in school children(1983) |
| Author(s): | Johnsson, B. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1983) Student-litterature, Lund, Sweden | |
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| Title: | The correct height of school furniture(1982) |
| Author(s): | Mandel, A.C. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1982) Human Factors, 24, pp 257-269 | |
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| Title: | An ergonomic appraisal of educational desks(1980) |
| Author(s): | Hira, D.S. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1980) Ergonomics, 23, pp 213-221 | |
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| Title: | School furniture: standing and sitting postures(1976) |
| Author(s): | Dillon, J. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1976) Building Bulletin, DES (London: HMSO) | |
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| Title: | Preliminary report on the sitting postures of school children(1962) |
| Author(s): | Karvonen, M.J., Koskela, A, and Noro, L. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1962) Ergonomics, 33, 1511-1521 | |
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| School Furniture Design and Behaviour | |
| Title: | Children's behaviour and the design of school furniture (1999) |
| Author(s): | Knight, G. and Noyes, J. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Dr. Jan Noyes |
| Abstract/ Description:Children spend a large part of their school days in the classroom, and yet the effect of the design of school furniture on their behaviour and health has received comparatively little attention in the UK. An experimental study is reported that compares the effects on children's behaviour and sitting position of traditional classroom furniture with a recently designed chair known as 'Chair 2000' and associated tables. It was found that children showed a modest but significant improvement in on-task behaviour and a marked change in sitting positions following the introduction of the newly-designed furniture. However, these benefits need to be considered in the light of polarized opinion for and against the new furniture, and a high level of reported incidence of back pain significantly related to the frequency of non-standard sitting. In the absence of radically redesigned furniture, it is suggested that children should be given more choice in their seating, and better guidance should be given to individuals involved in education in order inform their decision-making about classroom furniture and the postural, anthropometric and orthopaedic aspects of sitting and related activities. | |
| Publication Information:(1999) Ergonomics, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp 747-760 | |
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| Title: | The effects of ergonomically designed school furniture on pupils' attitudes, symptoms and behaviour (1994) |
| Author(s): | Linton, S.J., Hellsing, A-L., Halme, T. and Akerstedt, K. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description:We tested the effects of implementing ergonomically designed school furniture on measures of comfort, sitting posture and symptoms. Three classes of fourth graders (10 years old) were randomly assigned either to a control group using traditional furniture or to an experimental group which received the ergonomically designed furniture. In both groups questionnaires were completed and sitting behaviour was observed twice before and after the intervention as well as at a five-month follow-up period. Although the experimental groups rated their furniture as being significantly more comfortable, differences in actual sitting behaviour were small. The experimental class experienced a reduction in musculoskeletal symptoms relative to the control group after implementing the ergonomically designed furniture. Since pupils did not automatically sit 'properly' in the ergonomic furniture, these results demonstrate the need for proper instructions and adjustment. Increased comfort and decreased symptoms may be used to motivate pupils to sit correctly. Our results suggest that furniture design is one aspect of a multidimensional problem. | |
| Publication Information:(1994) Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 25., No. 5, pp 299-304 | |
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| Title: | Seating arrangements and classroom behaviour(1992) |
| Author(s): | Wheldall, K. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | No |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | |
| Abstract/ Description: | |
| Publication Information:(1992) Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry News, 10, 2-6 | |
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| Backpacks and Carrying Cases | |
| Title: | Are Backpacks Making Our Children Beasts of Burden? (2002) |
| Author(s): | Jacobs, K. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 150kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Karen Jacobs |
| Abstract/ Description: More than 40 million US students carry school backpacks. Increasingly heavy school backpacks are putting the nation’s students at risk and may be causing long-term damage to their growing bodies. More than 25,000 occupational therapy practitioners work with children and can advise parents on ways to avoid backpack-related problems. Because many occupational therapy practitioners are already working with children, the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. (AOTA) was the natural choice for retailer L.L. Bean, Inc. to partner with in a public safety initiative to promote healthy school backpack use. Both organizations’ Web sites and a brochure available at L.L. Bean, retail outlets, offer tips for parents and children on choosing the correct backpack design, loading, and wearing backpacks. This paper will describe and demonstrate the public safety initiative between AOTA, Inc. and L.L. Bean, Inc, as an example of an innovative partnership in public health and ergonomics. | |
| Publication Information: (2002) Proceedings of the XVI Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference (on CD ROM) | |
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| Title: | A pilot study of the weight of schoolbags carried by 10-year old children (1996) |
| Author(s): | Casey, G, and Dockrell, S. |
| Copy of Paper Available?: | Yes - View Paper (pdf, 195.7kb, opens in new window) |
| Status: | Completed |
| Contact: | Sara Dockrell |
| Abstract/ Description: This
study was carried out to determine the weights of schoolbags that 10-year-old
children carry to school. The relationship between bag weight and body weight
was established. Investigation was also made into the methods adopted by
children to carry their bags, and the distances that they are expected to carry
these loads. A questionnaire was used to gain some of this information, while
measurements of bag weight and body weight were obtained using an electronic
weighing scales. The findings suggest that 10-year-old children are carrying an average load of 11.4 lbs or equivalent to 15.2% of total body weight. Sixty-two percent carried the bags on their backs. The mean distance that subjects carried their bags was 0.6 miles per day. In the absence of guidelines on acceptable loads to be carried by children it is difficult to assess the possible consequences of carrying such loads. There is a need for further research in this area. |
|
| Publication Information: (1996) Physio | |